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Tammera Stokes Rice, College of the Canyons, Version B
Adapted by Jamie C. Votraw, Professor of Communication Studies, Florida SouthWestern State College
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES |
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After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
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Figure 6.1: Princess Reema1
Introduction
You may have watched a YouTube tutorial to learn how to make or do something, like learning how to make a quiche or how to change a tire on your car. Or, you may have watched a TedTalk in one of your classes that provided factual information about the topic you are learning about, like Nancy Duarte’s 2011 presentation on “The secret structure of great talks.” (Google Duarte’s videos; you won’t regret it!) These are samples of informative speeches.
Speaking to Inform
When you inform an audience, your primary goal is to teach them about a topic that is important to you. In fact, there are likely scenarios where you acted as an informative speaker already. Have you ever given a factual presentation in a classroom? Have you ever shown a group of friends how to use a new app on your phone? Have you ever trained a new employee at work? These are all examples of informative speaking.
When delivering formal informative speeches, however, there are additional expectations for the composition and structure of your speech. For instance, you might begin your speech by telling a story to attract the attention of your audience, and you might ask them a personal question to demonstrate that the topic relates to them. Throughout this chapter, we discuss the purpose of informative speaking, types of informative speeches, organizational speech patterns, and lastly, describe how informative speaking is distinctly different than persuasive speaking.
Informative Speaking Goals
The most fundamental purpose of informative speaking is to teach an audience something. Remember, an informative speech is not opinion-based. It provides factual information that is meaningful to your audience. Thus, your primary purpose is to teach. You ARE NOT trying to change their beliefs or behaviors (that is persuasive speaking, which we cover in chapter 10). Nevertheless, as audience-centered speakers (recall Chapter 5), several audience-specific elements are necessary for effective informative speaking.
Audience Attention
Audience-centered speakers care about their audience and should work to gain and maintain the attention of their audience throughout the speech. In the introduction, it is imperative that public speakers incorporate an attention-grabbing strategy, such as an intriguing story (discussed in greater detail in Chapter 9), and explicitly relate the topic to the audience. When introducing the topic to an audience, effective informative speakers connect the topic to the audience by answering the question, why should you care?
Narratives, found from credible sources, are one way to keep your audience engaged and listening to your speech. Stories help provide a basis for your main points within the speech. Humans are natural storytellers as we want to tell and listen to stories.
Audience Needs
Once your audience recognizes the significance of your topic and how it relates to them, an informative speaker should then strive to provide the audience with information that meets their needs. Consider the classroom, for example. If your algebra teacher tells you that quadratic equations will be on the next exam, what information do you as an audience member need or want? Likely, you’re looking for information to help you succeed on the exam. It would be insufficient to merely provide you with the quadratic formula, ax2 + bx + c = 0. Instead, as an effective informative speaker, the math teacher would likely demonstrate problem-solving steps and offer examples. When you are the speaker, you must also consider what information your audience needs.
While crafting the informative speech, you want to select the information you will be communicating to the audience carefully. You’ve already learned how to narrow down your topic, but now you want to make sure your explanation of the narrowed topic accomplishes the speech goal in the time parameters of the speech. An effective informative speaker determines which information is imperative for inclusion in the speech given the time limit. You should not feel pressured to include every piece of information you find. You wouldn’t expect a speaker to discuss everything about Disneyland in seven minutes, right? So, instead, stay focused on the speech goal and audience needs. Maybe you choose to present to the audience just one aspect of Disneyland – The types of rides.
Audience Knowledge
A third key feature of effective informative speaking is audience knowledge. What does your audience already know about the topic? The level of complexity you will be using to inform your audience depends on the audience’s knowledge about your topic, the time allowed for your speech, and its purpose. As we discussed in chapter five, you need to know your audience. It is crucial to always give new information to your audience by relating it to what they already know, and by combining the general information with specific information to keep the attention of your audience throughout the speech. This is why an audience analysis can be so important. You are not going to use architectural or engineering terms to describe the invention of Space Mountain to an audience of high school students, but you might use technical terms when speaking to architecture and engineering students at a college.
Types of Informative Speeches
When you inform, you either describe something, define something, or demonstrate a process. Therefore, there are three different types of informative speeches. This includes:
1. Descriptive speeches (about objects, people, places, or events)
2. Process speeches (also called “how-to” or demonstration speeches)
3. Concept speeches (also called idea speeches)
All three types of informative speeches have the general purpose of “to inform.” However, each type of informative speech maintains a different specific purpose, and therefore, the organizational structure of the speeches can vary. So, before we dive into the specifics of each type of informative speech, let’s review four organizational speech patterns that you could use to structure the content of your speech.
Organizational Speech Patterns
When composing your speech, there are four organizational patterns you can adopt to structure your speech content, including topical, spatial, chronological (temporal), and causal format. The organizational pattern you choose will depend on the topic of the speech and the speech content. Although some organizational patterns are more commonly used for certain types of informative speeches than others, the organization pattern you select should be the one that best fits your speech content.
- A topical layout arranges the information of the speech into different categories. Each main point of the speech is a subtopic of the broader topic.
- A spatial pattern looks at how your ideas are arranged according to their physical or geographic relationships.
- A chronological pattern organizes a speech based on time or sequence. Some of your instructors might use the term temporal to explain main points ordered in a specific sequence of time.
- A causal pattern of organization can be used to describe the causes and effects of something that occurred.
It is important to remember to choose an organizational pattern that logically aligns with the speech goal and the main points of your speech. For example, a process speech on “how to apply for financial aid” might best be organized chronologically: Step 1, Step 2, Step 3… A chronological pattern for this topic would be most effective for helping the audience follow along.
Let’s take a deeper look at the three major types of informative speeches and some commonly used approaches to organizing the respective speech content.
Descriptive Speeches
Objects
A descriptive speech is given to describe an object, person, place, or event. Descriptive speeches about an “object” refer to anything tangible; something that can be seen or touched. When organizing an object speech, you might use a spatial, chronological, or topical organizational pattern. The following are some sample topics – Arabian horses, astrology, Bible, boats, career services, drag racing, Ford Mustang, Florida oranges, Godfather trilogy, Golden Gate Bridge, hurricanes, iguanas, surfboards, tattoos, and tornadoes to name a few.
Figure 6.2: Tattoo2
Here is an example of how you might set up a speech on an object using a chronological organization pattern:
Topic: Tattoos
General Purpose: To inform
Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the history of tattoos in the United States.
Central Idea/Thesis: Tattoos originated in the United States in the 19th century before becoming a staple of fashion trends today.
Preview of Main Points: First, we will look at the history of the word tattoo. Then, we will learn how tattoos became fashionable. Thirdly, we examine the role tattoos have played in the circus. Finally, we will cover tattoos on public figures today.
- Explorer Captain James Hook is credited for the word tattoo after his sailing voyages led him to Tahitian and Polynesian cultures.
- Tattoos became fashionable in the 19th century.
- Tattoos used in sideshow acts in the early 20th century were an integral part of a circus’ success.
- Tattoos are now worn by public figures such as celebrities, athletes, and people within the fashion industry.
People
This category applies both to specific individuals or to specific roles. When discussing people, you may want to describe them in a chronological (temporal) or topical layout. Here are some sample topics on people: Albert Einstein, Barack Obama, Bruce Lee, CEO of Google, Donald Trump, Ron DeSantis, First Lady of the United States, Henry Ford, Jackie Chan, Miley Cyrus, Malala Yousafzai, Marilyn Monroe, Oprah Winfrey, Pope of the Catholic Church, Sacagawea, and Walt Disney to name a few.
Figure 6.3: Marilyn Monroe3
Here is an example of how you might set up a speech about Marilyn Monroe using a topical organizational pattern:
Topic: Marilyn Monroe
General Purpose: To inform
Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about Marilyn Monroe’s interesting love life during the creation of her most famous films.
Central Idea/Thesis: Marilyn Monroe is known for her famous love life and films.
Preview of Main Points: First, we will explore her intriguing love life and marriages. Last, we will examine her various films.
- First, we will examine Marilyn Monroe’s infamous love life.
- Lastly, let’s discuss her most famous films.
Depending on the timeframe allowed for your speech, you might consider the example above, which used a topical order. Another way to organize the main points of the same topic could be in a chronological (temporal) pattern.
Topic: Marilyn Monroe
General Purpose: To inform
Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the childhood, professional career, and death of Marilyn Monroe.
Central Idea/Thesis: Marilyn Monroe’s early childhood influenced her professional career and ultimately her untimely death.
Preview of Main Points: First, we will examine how Marilyn’s childhood influenced her career. Secondly, we will examine her professional life. Finally, we will discuss her untimely death.
- First, we will discuss Marilyn’s birth and early childhood.
- Second, we will learn about her professional life, and the impact her upbringing had on her career.
- Lastly, we will better understand her untimely death.
You will notice the two speeches above about Marilyn Monroe have many similarities, and both speeches would include details about her professional life. However, the first speech is focused on categories related to her professional life, while the second speech looks at her professional life as one period of time in her life overall. The result is two very different final speeches. This example highlights how you structure your speech should depend on the narrowed focus of your speech topic.
Place
A speech about a place can range from a historic location to a vacation spot. However, you should make sure to check with your instructor because very few speeches should focus on your own personal journey. Rather, the focus should be based on a place you can research. When discussing places, you may want to describe them in a spatial, temporal, or topical layout. Here are some sample places you might do an informative speech on – Alaska, Albania, Australia, Catalina, Ukraine, Honolulu, Lake Okeechobee, Las Vegas, Museum of Tolerance, Sanibel Island, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Stonehenge, and Yosemite to name a few.
Figure 6.4: Kauai4
Here is an example of how you might set up a speech about a place:
Topic: The island of Kauai, Hawaii
General Purpose: To inform
Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about Kauai’s regions and locations to explore.
Central Idea/Thesis: Kauai has five regions and many beautiful areas to explore.
Preview of Main Points: First, I will break down the five major regions of the island. Lastly, I will share tips for exploring the Hawaiian Islands.
- Five regions (subpoints could be broken down in a spatial pattern of the regions).
- Tips for a Hawaiian exploration
Events
An event can be something that occurred only once or can be a repeated event. When discussing events, you will most likely use a chronological (temporal) or topical layout. Here are some sample events you might do an informative speech on – Academy Awards, Christmas, Coachella, Los Angeles Marathon, Quinceañera, Rose Parade, Stagecoach, or World War II.
Figure 6.5: Los Angeles Marathon5
Here is an example of how you might set up a speech about an event:
Topic: Los Angeles Marathon
General Purpose: To inform
Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the timeline of events of the L.A. Marathon.
Central Idea/Thesis: The L.A. Marathon consists of three days of events.
Preview of Main Point: First, I will explain the day of orientation for the race. Second, I will discuss the main event day. Lastly, I will talk about the clean-up and breakdown of the event.
- The first day of the event is Friday, which is Expo Day & Bib pick-up.
- Second, the main event is on Saturday, which is the 5K and 1/2K kids’ run.
- Lastly, Sunday involves marathon running from 3:00 am – 3:00 pm, and ends with the finish festival.
Now that you have a good idea about what comprises a descriptive speech, let’s look at process speeches.
Process Speeches
A process speech is commonly referred to as a “how-to” or demonstration speech. It intends to teach the audience how something works or how to complete a task through step-by-step instructions. It generally uses a chronological (temporal) pattern with each “step” of the process taking the audience through a sequence of time. Here are some sample process speech topics – (How to) avoid ID theft, bake a cake, bath a dog, build a website, change car oil, color Easter eggs, meditate, make ice cream, play tennis, register to vote, snowboard, tie a tie, and write a resume to name a few.
Figure 6.6: Bakers6
Here is an example of how you might set up a process speech:
Topic: Baking a cake
General Purpose: To inform
Specific Purpose: To inform my audience how to bake a cake in 30 minutes with the right equipment and ingredients.
Central Idea/Thesis: Baking a cake in 30 minutes is easy with the right equipment and ingredients.
Preview of Main Points: First, I will review the preparation process. Then, I will provide the steps involved in making the cake. Finally, I will explain the process of decorating the cake.
- First, preset the oven and gather other equipment and ingredients.
- Next, mix the dry ingredients with the wet ingredients to specification before putting them in the pan to bake.
- Finally, let the cake cool and decorate.
You’ve learned about both descriptive and process speeches. Let’s discuss the last type of informative speech, a concept speech.
Concept Speeches
A concept speech deals with explaining a concept or idea. A concept is an idea, belief, principle, or theory. Unlike object speeches which involve tangible things, concept speeches are abstract or general ideas. As a result, speeches about concepts need to be grounded in clear examples. Generally, it is laid out in a topical or chronological (temporal) format. Here are some sample definitive speech topics – Artificial Intelligence, Buddhism, cultural diversity, Democracy, femininity, freedom, hatred, love, respect, Selfie, and Socialism to name a few.
Figure 6.7: Music and Dance of Ghana7
Here is an example of a concept speech:
Topic: Culture
General Purpose: To inform
Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the concept of culture.
Central Idea/Thesis: Culture consists of beliefs, values, norms, and ways of behaving.
Preview of Main Points: First, I will explain what beliefs are. Second, I will discuss various values. Third, I will share different cultural norms. Finally, I will explain various ways of behaving within cultures.
- First, I will explain the role of beliefs within culture.
- Second, I will discuss the role of values in culture.
- Third, I will share different cultural norms.
- Finally, we will put these all together and examine the different ways of behaving in cultures.
Informative vs. Persuasive Speaking
In Chapter 10, we will discuss persuasive speaking in detail, including common organizational patterns and strategies for effective persuasive speaking. But for now, you must be clear on what distinguishes an informative speech and a persuasive speech. By now, you know that you should select a topic that is significant to you and useful for your audience. As a result, there is a good chance you are passionate about the topic and have a personal opinion on the subject matter. Your views are important, but personal opinions are inappropriate for informative speeches.
In an informative speech, you are a teacher, an educator, an informer. Whereas in persuasive speeches, you are an advocate. The information you share in an informative speech should be objective, unbiased, and balanced. It is not the time to argue for a particular viewpoint, advocate for a position, or try to convince the audience to do or believe something. If you are taking a public speaking course, it is likely that you will have an opportunity to do a persuasive speech assignment.
Staying objective and unbiased can be a big challenge, especially if you are passionate about the topic or the topic is controversial. To maintain your role as an educator and not an advocate, you should be especially cognizant of the language you use in your delivery. Focus on explaining the topic with objective language and work hard to avoid using evaluative terms such as good/bad, right/wrong, and moral/immoral. Consider the topic of abortion. Even the framing of the title of your speech can be suggestive. Does the speech title “Female Reproductive Healthcare” communicate the same message as “Women’s Reproductive Rights”? The language you use when composing and delivering your speech will convey certain messages to your audience. When dealing with a controversial issue, a good strategy to prevent interjecting your personal views is to explain to the audience that “some people believe ‘x’ and others believe ‘y’. If relevant and time permits, it is useful to explain the various viewpoints on your topic. If you are successful, at the end of your speech, the audience will be informed about your topic, but they will decide on their own what to think or do.
Conclusion
A variety of different topics can be utilized for informative speaking. If you are educating your audience about a particular topic by describing, demonstrating, or defining it, you are giving an informative speech. It is crucial to always give new information to your audience by relating it to what they already know, and by combining the very general information with very specific information to keep the attention of your audience throughout the speech. We are informative speakers quite often, even if it is to inform a friend about our day.
Reflection Questions
- What is the purpose of an informative speech?
- How can you determine the best pattern of organization for your informative speech topic?
- What do you need to keep in mind about your audience to develop your informative speech?
- How do you distinguish an informative speech from storytelling, even though you may use stories in your speech?
Key Terms
Causal
Chronological (temporal)
Concept Speech
Descriptive Speech
Informative speech
Process Speech
Spatial
Topical